Small Wars Journal

The Failed Grand Strategy in the Middle East

Sat, 08/24/2013 - 5:06pm

The Failed Grand Strategy in the Middle East - Wall Street Journal Saturday Essay by Walter Russell Mead.

In the beginning, the Hebrew Bible tells us, the universe was all "tohu wabohu," chaos and tumult. This month the Middle East seems to be reverting to that primeval state: Iraq continues to unravel, the Syrian War grinds on with violence spreading to Lebanon and allegations of chemical attacks this week, and Egypt stands on the brink of civil war with the generals crushing the Muslim Brotherhood and street mobs torching churches. Turkey's prime minister, once widely hailed as President Obama's best friend in the region, blames Egypt's violence on the Jews; pretty much everyone else blames it on the U.S.

The Obama administration had a grand strategy in the Middle East. It was well intentioned, carefully crafted and consistently pursued.

Unfortunately, it failed…

Read on.

Comments

There's a lot to object to here. For starters...

The connection between outcomes in the Middle East and Obama's "grand strategy" seems more than a bit strained. Egypt's post-Mubarak transition was going to be messy no matter what the US did. Syria's revolution was going to be messy no matter what the US did. Yemen will be a wreck no matter what the US does. These realities are less about the failure of US Grand Strategy than about the reality that the US does not and cannot control events in the Middle East.

The connection between the US administration and the moderate Islamists seems equally strained. Moderate Islamist governments were elected in Turkey and Egypt. These countries cannot be ignored, and neither can our oft-stated commitment to democracy. Refusing to work with these governments, or undermining them, would only reinforce the core Islamist narrative that holds that the west will never accept Islamic government even if the people want it. The US did not put these governments in power, and had little choice but to treat them as the legitimate governments of nations with which the US has long-standing relationships.

I don't buy the idea that the Israelis and the Saudis are making our lives miserable as punishment for consorting with those they despise. The Israelis, the Saudis, and the Egyptian generals will pursue their own perceived interests regardless of anything we do or do not do. Toadying to the Israelis, to the Saudis, and to the Egyptian generals was the core of US Middle East policy for a long time. The current mess in the Middle East didn't spring out of a hat; it's been brewing for decades. For much of that brewing time we were allowing these "partners" to dictate our agenda in the region. I don't see any reason to think that a return to that rather craven course is going to solve the problems.

Madhu (not verified)

Sun, 08/25/2013 - 12:33pm

I was being sarcastic when I said 9-11 didn't matter. What I meant is that the "get Iran" and "get Russia" crowds in DC don't much care what relation the KSA might have had to 9-11 because anyone that is our ally against our two great forever foes of Iran and Russia is excused from any bad behavior.

Got it, people reading? You get that I was parodying a certain mindset?

Mark got my sarcasm. Brezezinski is a great power guy and for him the US is always opposed to Russia and the US has to pay attention to great power politics first, all that "no one should dominate Eurasia" stuff.

I'm sick of being allied with KSA and hostage to their neuroses about Iran and the Arab world.

Mark Pyruz

Sun, 08/25/2013 - 1:05am

Agree with Madhu on FP depicted as a projection toward children.

But what I take exception to in Mead's piece is his comparison of the American and French revolutions. Obviously the man subscribes to a romantic rendering of what was in the American case, a very brutal war, a bloody war, and to a larger extent than the romantic rendering will permit, a civil war. Both American and French revolutions generated tens of thousands of casualties, and in the American example one of the primary motivations for the struggle was secured: the continuation of slave labor (most probably George Washington's ultimate reason for initially joining the struggle).

Don't get me wrong, I subscribe to the U.S. Constitution. My point is that when one's historical and political baselines are premised on a sense of romanticism and as a result, exceptionalism, well then it's only natural to see other people's as children. And this not only applies to our allies but also the people's we have a problem with. The Iranians, for example. We could have a nuclear deal with those people in a matter of weeks, as former National Security official Flynt Leverett points out. However, one of our problems (among more than one) in negotiating is the very one Madhu is referring to.

As something of a counterpoint to Mead's piece, see this <a href=http://www.iranreview.org/content/Documents/Lawrence-Wilkerson-Supporti… interview</u></a> of COL Lawrence Wilkerson, U.S. Army (Ret), formerly chief of staff to U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell.

Madhu (not verified)

Sun, 08/25/2013 - 1:00pm

In reply to by Madhu (not verified)

Once again, just in case someone misunderstands what I was doing in my comment, I was being SARCASTIC and parodying a certain mindset, NOT saying 9-11 didn't matter. Look at my other comments on this thread for clarification. I'm going to have to learn to write more plainly around here, huh?

Madhu (not verified)

Sun, 08/25/2013 - 12:52pm

In reply to by Madhu (not verified)

Go back and read a lot of contemporary stuff around the 70's and 80's. A certain type of Cold Warrior thought that the religious nature of some would make them good fighters against the "godless" communists. You don't have to buy his version of events to find more of the same:

Interview with Zbigniew Brzezinski, Le Nouvel Observateur (France), Jan 15-21, 1998, p. 76:

<blockquote>Q: The former director of the CIA, Robert Gates, stated in his memoirs ["From the Shadows"], that American intelligence services began to aid the Mujahadeen in Afghanistan 6 months before the Soviet intervention. In this period you were the national security adviser to President Carter. You therefore played a role in this affair. Is that correct?

Brzezinski: Yes. According to the official version of history, CIA aid to the Mujahadeen began during 1980, that is to say, after the Soviet army invaded Afghanistan, 24 Dec 1979. But the reality, secretly guarded until now, is completely otherwise: Indeed, it was July 3, 1979 that President Carter signed the first directive for secret aid to the opponents of the pro-Soviet regime in Kabul. And that very day, I wrote a note to the president in which I explained to him that in my opinion this aid was going to induce a Soviet military intervention.

Q: Despite this risk, you were an advocate of this covert action. But perhaps you yourself desired this Soviet entry into war and looked to provoke it?

Brzezinski: It isn't quite that. We didn't push the Russians to intervene, but we knowingly increased the probability that they would.

Q: When the Soviets justified their intervention by asserting that they intended to fight against a secret involvement of the United States in Afghanistan, people didn't believe them. However, there was a basis of truth. You don't regret anything today?

Brzezinski: Regret what? That secret operation was an excellent idea. It had the effect of drawing the Russians into the Afghan trap and you want me to regret it? The day that the Soviets officially crossed the border, I wrote to President Carter: We now have the opportunity of giving to the USSR its Vietnam war. Indeed, for almost 10 years, Moscow had to carry on a war unsupportable by the government, a conflict that brought about the demoralization and finally the breakup of the Soviet empire.

Q: And neither do you regret having supported the Islamic [fundamentalism], having given arms and advice to future terrorists?

<strong>Brzezinski: What is most important to the history of the world? The Taliban or the collapse of the Soviet empire? Some stirred-up Moslems or the liberation of Central Europe and the end of the cold war?</strong></blockquote>

It is this attitude from the era that I was making fun of in my comments above.

And I'm not just from an academic world (although it helps to understand the delusions of the foreign policy mandarins), I am a physician and I don't just exist in a theoretical world. That's why Meads grand academic theorizing leaves me cold. You have to know something about peoples and cultures too, that part that the American military thinks it can contract out to Booz Allen social scientists and any daffy academic that catches the institutions' fancy.

Madhu (not verified)

Sun, 08/25/2013 - 12:36pm

In reply to by Move Forward

We are afraid that if the Iranians go nuclear it will lead to a nuclear cascade in the Mideast, a nuclear domino theory, at least, that's the theory and the reason behind much of our contradictory seeming behavior in the region. That was my point. It's not rocket science to grasp these things.

Move Forward

Sun, 08/25/2013 - 12:22pm

In reply to by Madhu (not verified)

<blockquote>Young people, students, reading and lurking, are you getting it yet? Getting the feel of my commentary around here because at this point, you are my (our) only hope, Obi Wan....</blockquote>Disagree Madhu. You admit to being the daughter of academics, so you are shaped by the very academic institutions that are brainwashing kids into utopian ideals that never work...because the real world is not utopian. It is motivated and shaped by imperfect realpolitik. Within limits, "greed works."

However, if you never venture from the academic world into the domain of businesses that <strong>do</strong> shape the world, you remain in the idealistic dominion of the woulda, coulda, shoulda clan that think that they can overcome fundamental human weaknesses and strengths to create a more equal world where the talented have only moderately more than the weakest Darwin-creations of our societies.

However, the weakest get to vote so any academic or political institution that pushes such ideals of "all men and women are created equal" is going to get the votes of anyone pushing something for nothing. The entitlements created by academics making their way into government never fail to misfire relative to the market-based solutions that create themselves through the medium of business and international commerce "greed."

<blockquote>9-11 never mattered, not really, because it's about Iran and Russia always and forever. Great Power politics matter, sure, but is a Cold War posture the most optimal way to view Great Power politics in this era? How should we view Great Power alliances in this era? This, folks, is supposedly the best thinking out there. Brzenzki's forever!</blockquote>

Brzenski mattered under President Carter who appeased Iran in seizing our embassy hostages and starting a long theocratic rule that hurt the people of Iran. I beg to differ that 9-11 never mattered. Only images of planes hitting the towers and falling were strong enough to overcome the inertia of content U.S. heads buried in the sand. We ignored terror until we no longer could ignore it. We played Chamberlain with no-fly zones and Iran and North Korea sanctions until those, too, appeared to be failing and nuclear weapons were being obtained. While we turned out to be wrong about WMD in Iraq, Hussein admitted himself that he deceived us into believing he had such capabilities in order to scare Iran. Perhaps a similar condition exists in Syria, Iran, and North Korea today with leaders threatening that the world will burn if the U.S. intervenes. Is it that or the world will burn if we don't?

One only need look at photos of North Korea at night vs the South to see the disparity in the idealism of communism vs. the reality of capitalism. One has a 28K per capita income while the other is about 2K. The old East Germany is another example proving that identical cultures thrive quite differently when embracing the academic notion of one size fits all, and the real world solutions of the marketplace. Idealism in religious extremism is another example of where great people rise to a level of mediocrity. The nation's of India and Pakistan are filled with brilliant people, yet we see none of the major rise in world commerce and living standard that such intelligence might lead to because religion gets in the way.

<blockquote>Whatever negative effects come out of our alliance with the Saudis (even if there are positives it's a multipolar world which requires outside-the-bloc thinking) doesn't matter and never will.</blockquote> Again, must disagree. The Saudis and ourselves have overcome our religious differences by embracing our similar desires for oil and commerce. I've suggested in the past the realpolitik solution of the Saudis, Jordan, and Turks simultaneously invading Syria with U.S. help, to have stable Muslim nations ensuring its stable partitioned rule with a small section carved out for its currently ruling Alawite and perhaps Kurd minorities. You see a degree of that manner of thinking in Saudi offers of up to $8 billion to Egypt's current rulers because they recognize the need to keep the Suez Canal in stable hands.

However, academics who frequently move back and forth between universities and the state department or Democratic party government would never recognize such a practical solution of force and stable governments running a split-up Syria because it lack idealism. Instead, they feel that somehow things will fix themselves and all will sing Kumbaya and not slaughter one another, if not now, perhaps later when one group of extremist Sunnis or Shiites prevails. The other prevailing view appears to be that it will not fix itself but it won't affect us so who cares and we will save billions and get Democrats reelected. The Chamberlain concept of appeasement never dies until what would have cost hundreds of billions ends up costing trillions when action eventually must occur in harsher conditions.

<blockquote>Yeah, we don't want the Saudis to go nuclear (think this is about anything else? Sure, energy too but our system doesn't do multipolar well, does it?)</blockquote>Yeah I think it is about something else. It is about not wanting the Iranian theocracy to go nuclear, or the North Korean child- or military-rulers to have the capacity to cause serious damage with their few nukes. South Korea could get them as well, as could Japan, and then you start expanding the probability of some smaller war leading to a nuclear exchange...the ultimate A2/AD solution.

Nobody tells you how to practice medicine Madhu. However, that expertise as a physician does not translate to similar awareness of how to run a government, fix international conflicts, or fight a war or stability operation. When I look at countries like India and Pakistan and see how well their peoples practice capitalism in the U.S., whether it be the small business or Silicon valley, I marvel at their work ethic. When I look at their home countries and see gang-rapes of journalists, animals roaming everywhere, rampant water pollution, corruption, and overpopulation, I can't help but feel that Darwin is at work there as well. The fittest leave those countries and come to the U.S. where their hard work can make a difference in improving their lives.

Unfortunately, the politics of entitlement in the U.S. are moving toward an environment less conducive to such success. I just watched Fareed Zakaria and noted how a woman became one of our youngest self-made billionaires through pushing her Spanx vision against countless no's. Steve Jobs faced the same conditions in his era. But today's Democrat pushes the opposite notion that no matter how little you work and despite your lack of gumption to overcome setbacks, you are entitled to more. That is an evolving assumption of entitlement that is guaranteed to win the votes of our weakest, while simultaneously creating an America with less employment, fewer middle-class consumers, and more taxes for all that do work.

Worse yet, such a U.S. nation where middle-class and wealthy tax dollars shift to entitlements, ultimately will lead to a nation incapable of dealing with serious threats that disrupt energy supplies and threaten limited nuclear exchanges and terrorism. The idealistic notions of youth seeing conspiracy in the NSA making infinitesimal small mistakes, ultimately will disrupt our ability to monitor the communications of our terrorist and rogue state adversaries who are splintered and dispersed and forced to communicate through interceptable means. Then one day we will see a mushroom cloud over one of our port cities. However, beyond that extreme is this reality from Mead's article:

<blockquote>Finally, the administration, rightfully concerned about the costs of intervention in Syria, <strong>failed to grasp early enough just how much it would cost to stay out of this ugly situation.</strong> As the war has dragged on, the humanitarian toll has grown to obscene proportions (far worse than anything that would have happened in Libya without intervention), communal and sectarian hatreds have become poisonous almost ensuring more bloodletting and ethnic and religious cleansing, and instability has spread from Syria into Iraq, Lebanon and even Turkey. All of these problems grow worse the longer the war goes on—but it is becoming harder and costlier almost day by day to intervene.</blockquote>

Madhu (not verified)

Sat, 08/24/2013 - 5:24pm

<blockquote>Second, the struggle against terror is going to be harder than we hoped. Our enemies have scattered and multiplied, and the violent jihadi current has renewed its appeal. In the Arab world, in parts of Africa, in Europe and in the U.S., a constellation of revitalized and inventive movements now seeks to wreak havoc. It is delusional to believe that we can eliminate this problem by eliminating poverty, underdevelopment, dictatorship or any other "root causes" of the problem; we cannot eliminate them in a policy-relevant time frame. An ugly fight lies ahead. Instead of minimizing the terror threat in hopes of calming the public, the president must prepare public opinion for a long-term struggle.

Third, the focus must now return to Iran. Concern with Iran's growing power is the thread that unites Israel and Saudi Arabia. Developing and moving on an Iran strategy that both Saudis and Israelis can support will help President Obama rebuild America's position in the shifting sands. That is likely to mean a much tougher policy on Syria. Drawing red lines in the sand and stepping back when they are crossed won't rebuild confidence.</blockquote> - Walter Russell Mead

Young people, students, reading and lurking, are you getting it yet? Getting the feel of my commentary around here because at this point, you are my (our) only hope, Obi Wan....

9-11 never mattered, not really, because it's about Iran and Russia always and forever. Great Power politics matter, sure, but is a Cold War posture the most optimal way to view Great Power politics in this era? How should we view Great Power alliances in this era? This, folks, is supposedly the best thinking out there. Brzenzki's forever!

Whatever negative effects come out of our alliance with the Saudis (even if there are positives it's a multipolar world which requires outside-the-bloc thinking) doesn't matter and never will.

Yeah, we don't want the Saudis to go nuclear (think this is about anything else? Sure, energy too but our system doesn't do multipolar well, does it?)

<blockquote>Where the argument falters is when discussion turns to how Saudi Arabia would go about acting on its atomic desires. Sure, Riyadh is currently pursuing a civilian nuclear energy program through foreign assistance, but it has limited indigenous human and industrial capital to transform this civilian program into a nuclear weapon.

At best, it would, like most recent nuclear proliferators, take a few decades or more to build a bomb. Yet many Saudi Arabia experts don’t believe the current regime will stay in power for decades. Even if it did, acquiring a nuclear weapon by mid-century would hardly be sufficient if a nuclear-armed Iran is as detrimental to the Kingdom’s interests as its leaders claim. In other words, by the time Riyadh could build its own nuclear arsenal, Iran’s nuclear acquisition would be a moot point.</blockquote> - from an article in The Diplomat about Saudi Nukes

WRM has this hilarious post on his blog where, basically, he pats the Indians on their heads (after a visit to India which he chronicles on his blog) and says, "now, now, I know I don't know much about the region but trust the US, we will figure it out."

Think about that attitude as its been displayed around the world by US foreign policy gurus....

I am not making this up, if I have time I'll post it.

I'd be okay with this if we didn't talk about allies in the manner of children. Is this supposed to be clever?